• 专利附录
  • 专利说明
  • 权利要求
  • 类似技术
  • 同族专利
  • 引用文献
  • 法律状态
  • 优先权
    • 专利摘要:
    Unitary element of double band and circular polarization can be used as a unit element of an antenna array system, an adaptive antenna array system, or as a compact feeder for reflecting antenna systems. This element, with a multilayer design with liquid crystal, is capable of changing its response in the necessary phase for adaptive antennas. The structure of the element allows to feed it with two orthogonal field vectors through circular grooves allowing to obtain the circular polarizations to the right and to the left, and a double band response. This means a single opening for both polarizations and bands. The element changes its phase thanks to the liquid crystal layer by applying a voltage difference that changes the orientation of the liquid crystal particles and therefore their relative dielectric constant. (Machine-translation by Google Translate, not legally binding)
    公开号:ES2657486A1
    申请号:ES201731442
    申请日:2017-12-20
    公开日:2018-03-05
    发明作者:Miguel Alejandro SALAS NATERA；Mariano Barba Gea；José Antonio ENCINAR GARCINUÑO
    申请人:Universidad Politecnica de Madrid；
    IPC主号:
    专利说明:

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    Dual band radiating element and double multipurpose polarization.
    TECHNICAL SECTOR
    Electronics, Information and communications technologies, Aeronautical and naval technologies, Materials technologies, Agricultural and forestry technologies, Industrial technology and production.
    BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
    The invention stems from the need to provide solutions that improve the current antenna systems for satellite communications and meet current and future requirements, especially the requirements of fine aiming, low profile and low weight. These requirements are essential for the antenna systems for mobile SATCOM applications to be able to take a position in the market such that satellite communications systems begin to be competitive in different scenarios.
    Antennas phased array technology, or electronically oriented or electronically scanned antennas, promises the implementation of flat antennas as a solution to low profile requirements for any type of vehicle, that is, perfect for low profile and moving communications systems, But opinions differ as to their commercial viability.
    Until now, these flat antennas (or phased array) have been prohibitively expensive and mostly limited to military use. However, at least two companies, Phasor, Inc. ( www.phasorsolutions.com) and Kymeta Corp. ( www.kymetacorp.com) are developing new technologies and new approaches to bring low profile antennas to the market.
    Phasor, a company based in Washington DC, is in the final stages of completing a five-year development effort to bring Ku-band antennas to market. Kymeta, a Seattle-based company, has focused on the frequency of the Ku band in recent years
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    and Ka and the use of meta-materials - a new technology and not yet commercially proven.
    Phasor's core technology uses ASIC microprocessors, in which each ASIC is linked to a radiant "element" and these elements populate panels that harmonize the function through a matrix, creating an electronically orientated beam antenna. In addition, as this system immediately converts signals to digital, the architecture supports unlimited scalability, without traditional losses associated with analog systems. The result is a high-performance, phased array flat-band Ku phase antenna, economical and highly scalable.
    Kymeta's meta-material technology is a patented and novel application of a new field in materials science. Indeed, meta-materials "bend" the radio waves to achieve electronically directed antenna functionality. This, together with a polarizing "film" that covers the antenna, allows connectivity with communications satellites.
    Kymeta currently has development contracts with Inmarsat and O3B, has several investors and has described plans to make satellite broadband relevant to the wider markets. They have also recently announced successful tests without connection to satellites. However, many experts express their concern that this technology is more difficult to implement at lower frequencies, could be limited in scalability and may be affected by extreme temperature variations (as is usually experienced in airplanes). Furthermore, with Kymeta's technical approach, linear polarization (typically required in Ku-Band services) can be difficult to achieve. While Kymeta's main focus has been the development of a Ka-Band antenna, the company, at some point, can also try to develop and introduce a Ku band product.
    Panasonic Avionics and Boeing have teamed up to offer a new and lightweight antenna system that will give airlines one more option - and
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    potentially very attractive - to consider as they seek to provide on-board connectivity to passengers.
    The 68.6 mm high profile is the thinnest solution available and is also being billed as the lightest at 63.5 Kilograms. From the consortium formed, they describe the expected reduction in fuel burning with the new antenna, such as "winglets for satellite communications". The smallest and lightest solution is aimed at narrow body aircraft; These are the bulk of flying planes and new deliveries. They also require lighter systems in order to provide connectivity in a cost effective manner.
    These designs, some in bands other than the K / Ka bands and others that simply propose an antenna arrangement for each frequency band, do not yet propose a double band and double polarization solution that allows to drastically reduce the volume, weight and cost of the antenna systems for mobile or fixed-satellite communications terminals.
    Work has been done to find innovative solutions to provide antenna systems capable of providing beam scanning in ultra-compact systems. In the search for this solution, the invention proposes an element with a power divider with inductive load that provides the ability to adapt the antenna in two bands separated at the same time, with a multilayer structure. Therefore, it is decided that the supply of the element has an inductive component in a multilayer system that provides the coupling through a groove, also allowing the introduction of a liquid crystal or other dielectric layer to implement changes in the relative dielectric constant and therefore phase with respect to a reference. These changes of the dielectric constant are made, in the case of the liquid crystal layer, by a variation of the voltage applied across this layer as explained above.
    In the state of the art we find scientific articles that present array of dual band antennas with different elements that share the opening of the antenna system. The feeding of the antenna elements
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    in these cases it can be diverse, although they do not optimize the benefits that can offer a feeding by coupling with groove. On the other hand, there are patents that present double-band and multi-band radiating elements, and elements with double polarization. Below we present the discussion of the state of the art with the significant elements that can be objectively compared with the radiating element of double band and double polarization object of the patent in terms of its design characteristics, specifications and performance.
    In [1] the authors propose a radiating element for antenna arrangement. This element is designed to work on the L and C bands and the SAR (Synthetic Aperture Radar) system for which the element is designed requires a range of beam sweep angles of +/- 25 degrees. This element uses power coupling through linear grooves and rectangular patches. This configuration limits the bandwidth with respect to the proposed design with circular feed slot and sequential feed. In [2] the authors present a design of a grouping of antennas whose radiating elements share an opening, that is, which has a radiating element for the transmission band and another element for the reception band at the same opening of the antenna. For this, they overlap the transmission and reception elements in certain positions and thus share the opening area. These elements of [2], transmit the signal through a rectangular slot to a circular cavity formed by pins in the case of the element that does not share position. In the case of the elements that share position, for the high band the structure is repeated while for the low band the authors propose a coaxial cavity structure that surrounds the higher frequency element. This element does not take advantage of the inductive property of a circular groove coupled to a circular patch that allows the operation bands to be separated, as is done in the proposed radiating element and object of the present patent, and instead works with a coaxial structure. Authors in [3] propose an antenna array system for double-band and double-polar synthetic opening radars. As in the previous case, the antenna array is composed of two
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    elements that work in different bands but that share the area of the antenna opening. The operating bands of this antenna system are the C and X bands. The topology of the radiating element consists of an inductive supply, to overcome layers but that is not really used, through linear grooves placed orthogonally to provide double polarization in linear With the same philosophy of sharing the area of the antenna opening with different elements tuned in the different working bands, the authors in [4] propose an array of antennas to work in the 1 and 2 GHz frequency bands with bent dipoles in C and specularly arranged as radiant elements. The feeding of the elements is direct through a coaxial port to each pair of dipoles. The authors in [5] present a double polarization element that works in a single band (V) with a multilayer waveguide structure based on Gap Waveguide Technology.
    As for radiant elements presented in the state of the art individually and then used in antenna arrangements for no other purpose, we present the patented elements related to the invention. The authors in [6] present a complementary element fed by a rectangular groove which in turn is fed by a microstrip structure. This element is single band and single linear polarization, but it shows the concept of slot feeding although this is not done to obtain the double band or the double polarization in the radiating element. In [7] a dual band antenna is proposed for adaptive antenna arrays due to phase differences but they use an antenna array for each frequency band and these are differentiated by a diplexer. On the other hand, the authors in [8] propose a compact element of simple circular polarization but of double band that comprises a passive power splitter in microstrip technology that feeds cross slots and with these it is coupled to a rectangular patch with elements multi-resonant On the other hand, a double band radiating element for a synthetic aperture radar is presented in [9]. In this case they propose a feed to the radiating elements through a slot
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    square or cavity that excites a ring-shaped groove. In [10], similar to that used in the previous case to separate the frequency bands, in the reference patent they propose to excite one of the frequencies through an inductive coupling, while the other frequency is made by coupling capacitive by proximity. In both frequencies it uses microstrip lines to feed the radiant element of simple polarization. In [11], the invention relates to a double polarizing radiating element with a lower patch to radiate in a first polarization and a second patch to radiate in a second orthogonal polarization. In addition, the invention relates to a dual band dual polarization antenna assembly sharing opening area. In [12], the authors present a double stacked patch as a double band solution in K and Ka. This solution proposes the feeding of the active patch by means of a cross-shaped groove that limits, unlike the circular groove proposed in this patent, the sequential feeding to only four points.
    References
    [1] W. C. G. S. a. N. S. L. Shafai, "Dual Band Dual Polarized Radiating Element Development," of ANTEM'96, 1996.
    [2] A. Imran Sandhu, E. Arnieri, G. Amendola, L. Boccia, E. Meniconi and V. Ziegler, "Radiating Elements for Shared Aperture Tx / Rx Phased Arrays at K / Ka Band," IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, vol. 64, n ° 6, pp. 2270-2282, 2016.
    [3] SG Fan Qin, L. Qi, M. Chun-Xu, G. Chao, W. Gao, X. Jiadong and L. Janzhou, “A Simple Low-Cost Shared-Aperture Dual-Band Dual-Polarized High- Gain Antenna for Synthetic Aperture Radars, »IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, vol. 64, No. 7, pp. 2914-2922, 2016.
    [4] K. Naishadham, R. Li, L. Yang, T. Wu and W. Hunsicker, "A Shared-Aperture Dual-Band Planar Array With Self-Similar Printed Folded Dipoles," IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, vol . 61, No. 2, pp. 606-613, 2013.
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    [5] M. Ferrando-Rocher, AU Zaman, J. Yang and A. Valero-Nogueira, "A Dual-Polarized Slotted-Waveguide Antenna Based on Gap Waveguide Technology," of 11th European Conference on Antennas and Propagation EUCAP, Paris, 2017
    [6] R. J. Coe, "Parasitically Coupled Complementary Slot-dipole Antenna Element". United States of Ameria Patent 4,710,775, Dec. 1987.
    [7] B. Kuan M. Lee, F. Nam S. Wong, C. Ruey S. Chu and F. Ray Tang, "DUAL BAND PHASED ANTENNA ARRAY USING WIDEBAND ELEMENT WITH DIPLEXER". United States of America Patent 4,689,627, Aug. 1987.
    [8] C.-H. A. T. Saratoga, "Dual Frequency Circularly Polarized Microwave Antenna". United States of America Patent 5,241,321.31 Aug. 1993.
    [9] P. C. Strickland, "POLARIMETRIC DUAL BAND RADIATING ELEMENT FOR SYNTHETIC APERTURE RADAR". Unated States of America Patent 5,952,971, Sep. 14, 1999.
    [10] B.-j. Lee et al., "BROADBAND DUAL-POLARIZED MICROSTRIP ARRAY ANTENNA". United State of America Patent Application No. 10 / 476,410, June 24, 2004.
    [11] B. Carmen and A. Teillet, «DUAL-POLARIZED RADIATING ELEMENT, DUAL-BAND DUAL-POLARIZED ANTENNA ASSEMBLY AND DUAL- POLARIZED ANTENNA ARRAY». United State of America US Patent 8,354,972 B2, Jan. 15, 2013.
    [12] Przemyslaw Gorski, Joana S. Silva, and Juan R. Mosig, "Wideband, Low Profile and Circularly Polarized K / Ka Band Antenna". IEEE European Conference on Antennas and Propagation (EuCAP), Lisbon (Portugal), 13-17 April 2015.
    DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
    The radiating element has as relevant new technical characteristics of the invention, common to all embodiments, a dielectric layer, preferably of liquid crystal that is disposed between a feed layer by circular groove coupling and a first patch or radiating element. This dielectric layer can have different variants depending on
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    it is expressed in the claims, and that according to these, it can be described as a double-band and double-polarized multi-purpose radiating element comprising: a substrate of dielectric constant Dk and thickness t which on its upper face supports a stacked patch that can have geometry rectangular or circular; an element that can vary between a patch with a rectangular or circular ring, which are connected with voltage lines for the control of the liquid crystal, or an array of tuned dipoles, which are connected with a ring connected with voltage lines for the control to polarize the liquid crystal dielectric layer; a groove selected from a circular or rectangular groove supported on a substrate of dielectric constant Dk and thickness t; four ports of stub-terminated microstrip lines arranged in sequential rotation to provide the desired polarizations, selected from circular double polarization and linear double polarization; a substrate of dielectric constant Dk and thickness t that is supported by; a plane of mass.
    The concept developed as a basis for technological development of the novel radiant element, which, due to its type of power, allows the two working bands to be tuned, together with the multilayer radiant element and an opening with chokes not developed before, represent an advance in the state of the art . On the other hand, as a radiating element in the cavity, its configuration allows the novel introduction of the dielectric layer of liquid crystal to control its phase that has not been presented before. The proposed element is composed of nine different layers: opening cavity, upper dielectric layer, active patch and parasitic ring, liquid crystal layer, ring grooves for feeding the active patch, lower dielectric layer, load adaptation stubs and ports of Power for RHCP or RHCP & LHCP, support layer, and ground plane.
    The liquid crystal layer may also be contained by a rectangular or circular cavity structure or cavities with two purposes. On the one hand reduce the volume of the liquid crystal container, and on the other hand, reduce the mutual couplings between the elements of an arrangement of
    antennas In the case of its implementation as a feeder for an ultra-compact reflector antenna system, the entire element is covered by a support structure made of a conductive material.
    The multilayer radiant element to be used as a base for an array of 5 antennas with pointing capacity does not have a depth greater than 20mm, although this depends on the final dielectric materials used. On the other hand, this dimension can be increased or reduced depending on the final specifications of the system. For example, if an element with less or greater gain is specified, or the limitation of the couplings between 10 elements is reduced, the opening cavity could be modified or replaced, or simply eliminated. The cavity with chokes considerably limits the scanning range of an array of antennas.
    In this sense, the design of the radiant element is patent as are the variants described below and which are presented in the figures of the examples of embodiment.
    1 - The liquid crystal dielectric layer for the phase control of the radiating element according to an embodiment of the invention can be replaced by a standard dielectric material to convert the radiating element into a more compact double band and double circular polarization for applications that
    20 do not require phase variation of the radiant element.
    2 - The invention provides that the liquid crystal dielectric layer may be inside a circular or rectangular cavity, which may be designed with a metamaterial or EBG (electromagnetic band gap) surface.
    3 - The invention also provides variations in the number of chokes in the opening cavity, which may be none, one, two, etc. While more
    Chokes are placed in the opening cavity better adaptation can be obtained, less curly to variations in the phase front and these can be tuned to specialize the radiating element in bands of specific frequencies. On the other hand, the opening cavity may be of a material
    conductor or a material with surface treatment finished with a conductive material.
    4 - Variation in the number of applied patches and rings or an array of tuned curved dipoles to improve the axial ratio for angles of
    5 low points ,. This number may vary depending on the specialization of the radiant element at certain frequencies and objectives to improve the axial relationship.
    5 - The supply of the radiating element comprises the division of its power evenly in the microstrip lines ending in stub coupled to a
    10 slot This can be done in microstrip technology with stub, or with other alternative transmission line technologies such as SIW (substrate integrated waveguide) waveguide. Power dividers can be passive, hybrid, by wilkinson.
    6 - Non-dielectric materials may have variants. These variants consist of changing materials. These structures as the cavities of
    Opening and the ground plane can be made of plastic by machining or 3D printing, and subsequently metallized by conductor layer applications.
    Furthermore, the invention relates to an array antenna containing a plurality of radiating elements, such as those described above, in which the dielectric layer of each radiating element is the substrate of dielectric constant Dk and thickness t for applications that do not require variation of phase of the radiating element, so that an antenna without electronic scanning capability is provided.
    The invention also relates to an array array system, which
    It comprises a plurality of radiating elements, in which the dielectric layer of each radiating element is the liquid crystal, described above, further comprising an electronic control circuit, configured to perform the phase change of each radiating element, for which
    connect via USB (Universal Serial Bus) port to a USB to TTL converter (Transistor-Transistor Logic-bus); where the converter comprises NxM TTL ports connected to a switching matrix between the M radiant elements of the array and the N voltage levels to control the liquid crystal layer.
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    BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
    Figure 1 shows a possible variant of the realization of the radiating element or feeder of double band and double polarization multipurpose with microstrip feeding and cavity with chokes in the opening.
    10 Figure 2 shows another possible variant of an embodiment of the element
    radiator or double band and double polarization multipurpose feeder with microstrip feed and cavity with chokes in the opening and array of dipoles on the liquid crystal.
    Figures 3a, 3b show variations of the radiant elements 10.a
    15 of Figure 1 and 10.b. of figure 2 respectively. In figure 3a the element 10.c is shown, which corresponds to the element 10.a of figure 1, but without the opening with chokes, and in figure 3b, the element 10.d is shown, which corresponds with element 10.b of figure 2, but without opening with chokes.
    20 Figures 4a and 4b show variations of the radiating elements
    10.c and 10.d. of figures 3a and 3b respectively. In figure 4a, element 10.e is shown, which corresponds to element 10.c of figure 3a but without a stacking patch, and in figure 4b, element 10.f is shown, which corresponds to 10. d of Figure 3b, but without the stacking patch.
    25 Figure 5 shows a block diagram of the control circuit for
    the reconfiguration or phase change of the radiant element.
    Figure 6 shows a side view and section of the isometric of the radiant element.
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    DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS
    A description of the invention is made below, based on the figures discussed above.
    Figure 1 shows the radiating element (10.a) that is formed by a cavity in the opening (11) which has chokes (11.a) (circular groove around the opening shown in the image), which can be from any choke to a number of chokes that will depend on its application or purpose as a feeder of a reflector or unit element of an array of antennas (A choke appears in Fig. 1). This opening can be of any conductive material or of another material with surface treatment finished with a conductive material and is arranged on a substrate (12) of dielectric constant Dk and thickness t (12). This substrate (12) in variant 10.a supports a rectangular or circular stacked patch (12.b) on the upper face, and on the lower face, it has a rectangular or circular patch (13.a) with a ring (13 .b) which are connected to the filaments or voltage lines (13.c) to polarize the liquid crystal layer (15). The liquid crystal layer (15) is contained in a rectangular or circular cavity (16). This liquid crystal layer (15) is fed by inductive coupling through a rectangular or circular groove (18.a) of the layer 18 which is supported by the substrate (19.a) of dielectric constant Dk and thickness t. In this variant (10.a) the slot is fed with sequential rotation by means of four microstrip lines ending in stub (19.c). Below the microstrip lines is a layer of another dielectric material of dielectric constant Dk and thickness t (19.b) that is supported by the mass plane (19.d). Layers 12, 16, 18, 19.a and 19.b have four holes to pass the alignment pins (17) that are held in the base or ground plane (19.d) and make contact with the conductive material of the opening (11).
    When the radiating element is used, individually, for the purpose of feeding a reflector, reflector or transmitting antenna system, the liquid crystal layer (15) can be replaced by a
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    substrate of dielectric constant Dk and thickness t, or it can be used to act as a non-isometric cup that modifies the position of the phase center of the feeder.
    Figure 2 shows the radiating element (10.b) that is formed by a cavity in the opening (11) which has chokes, which can be from any choke to a number of chokes (11.a) that will depend on its application or purpose as a feeder of a reflector or unit element of an array of antennas (Fig. 2 shows a choke). This opening can be of any conductive material or of another material with surface treatment finished with a conductive material and is arranged on a substrate of dielectric constant Dk and thickness t (12). This substrate (12) in variant 10.b supports a rectangular or circular stacked patch (12.b) on the upper face, and on the lower face, it has an array of tuned dipoles (14.a) to improve the response in bandwidth and standardize / homogenize the field applied to the liquid crystal layer (15). This array of curved dipoles (14.a) to improve the axial ratio for low pointing angles and which is connected with a ring (14.b) that are connected to the filaments or voltage lines (14.c) to polarize the liquid crystal layer (15). The liquid crystal layer (15) is contained in a rectangular or circular cavity (16). This liquid crystal layer (15) is fed by inductive coupling through a rectangular or circular groove (18.a) that is supported by the substrate (19.a) of dielectric constant Dk and thickness t. In this variant (10.b), the slot is fed with sequential rotation by means of four microstrip lines ending in stub (19.c). Below the microstrip lines is a layer of another dielectric material of dielectric constant Dk and thickness t (19.b) that is supported by the mass plane (19.d). Layers 12, 16, 18, 19.a and 19.b have four holes to pass the alignment pins (17) that are held in the base or ground plane (19.d) and make contact with the conductive material of the opening (11).
    In Figures 3a, 3b, variants 10.c and 10.d of the radiating elements 10.a (Fig. 1) and 10.b (Fig. 2) are presented, respectively. These variants do not have the cavity with chokes (11 in figures 1 and 2) in the opening
    of the element, with what its purpose is more than its use in antenna arrays, which can be used to power any other antenna system.
    The non-use of the cavity allows other characteristics, such as a better axial ratio for a greater angular range. However, its elimination means a worse adaptation in the opening, less directivity and greater couplings between the elements of an array of antennas.
    In Figures 4a, 4b, variants 10.e and 10.f of the radiating elements 10.c and 10.d of the figures are presented. 3a, and 3b, respectively. 10 These variants do not have the cavity with chokes (11 of Figures 1 and 2) in the opening of the element or the stacked patch (12b of Figures 3a and 3b), so that its purpose is more than its use in arrays of antennas, although they can be used to power any other antenna system.
    Figure 5 shows the electronic circuit (21) for the reconfiguration or phase change of the radiating element, which includes the control circuit and its control software. The control circuit consists of a data processing unit and definition of control commands (22) that is connected via USB (Universal Serial Bus) port to a USB to TTL converter (transistor-transistor logic bus) (23). The converter has NxM TTL ports 20 connected to a switching matrix (24) between the M elements of an array and the N voltage levels to control the liquid crystal layer (15).
    The multilayer radiant element to be used as a base for antenna array with pointing capacity does not have a depth greater than 20mm in its variants from 10.a to 10.f, as shown in Figure 6.
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    权利要求:
    Claims (8)
    [1]
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    1. Radiant element of double band and double multipurpose polarization, characterized in that it comprises
    - a substrate (12) of dielectric constant Dk and thickness t which on its upper face supports a stacked patch (12.b), of rectangular or circular configuration; and on its lower face it supports an element selected from a patch (13a) with ring (13.b), of rectangular or circular configuration, which are connected with voltage lines (13.c); and an array of tuned dipoles (14.a), which is connected to a ring (14.b) that are connected with voltage lines (14.c); all to polarize
    - a dielectric layer (15),
    - a groove (18.a) selected between a rectangular groove and a circular groove supported on a substrate (19.a) of dielectric constant Dk and thickness t,
    - four ports of microstrip lines ending in stub (19.c) arranged in sequential rotation for polarizations, selected between circular double polarization and linear double polarization.
    - a substrate (19.b) of dielectric constant Dk and thickness t that is supported by
    - a plane of mass (19.d).
    [2]
    2. Radiant element according to claim 1, characterized in that the dielectric layer (15) is made of liquid crystal for the phase control of the radiant element.
    [3]
    3. Radiant element according to claim 1, characterized in that the dielectric layer (15) is a substrate of dielectric constant Dk and thickness t for applications that do not require phase variation of the radiating element
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    [4]
    4. Radiant element according to claims 2 or 3, characterized in that it comprises a cavity (16), selected between a rectangular cavity and a circular cavity containing the dielectric layer.
    [5]
    5. Radiant element according to any of the preceding claims, characterized in that it comprises a cavity in the opening (11) provided with at least one chokes (11a), and a material selected from a conductive material and a material with surface treatment with finish With a conductive material.
    [6]
    6. Radiant element according to claim 1, characterized in that the array of dipoles (14.a) are curved to improve the axial ratio for low pointing angles.
    [7]
    7. Array antenna containing a plurality of radiating elements, wherein the dielectric layer (15) of each radiating element is the substrate of claim 3, to provide an antenna with no electronic scanning capability.
    [8]
    Antenna array system, characterized in that it comprises a plurality of radiating elements, in which the dielectric layer (15) of each radiating element is the liquid crystal of claim 2, further comprising an electronic control circuit (21), configured to perform the phase change of each radiant element, for which it connects via USB (Universal Serial Bus) port to a USB to TTL converter (transistor-transistor logic bus) (23); where the converter comprises NxM TTL ports connected to a switching matrix between the M radiant elements of the array and the N voltage levels to control the liquid crystal layer (15).
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